^ Raukas, Anto (2002). Eesti entsüklopeedia 11: Eesti üld (in Estonian). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 227. ISBN 9985701151. ^ Kasekamp, Andres (2010). p. 7. ISBN 9780230364509. ^ Laurisaar, Riho (29 April 2006). Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. p. 690. ISBN 9780674023871. ^ Kasekamp, Andres (2010). p. 14. ISBN 9780230364509.
[337] Political disagreements delayed adoption of the necessary implementing legislation, and same-sex couples were not able to sign cohabitation agreements until January 1, 2016. Urbanization[edit] Tallinn is the capital and the largest city of Estonia, and lies on the northern coast of Estonia, along the Gulf of Finland. There are 33 cities and several town-parish towns in the country. In total, there are 47 linna, with "linn" in English meaning both "cities" and "towns". More than 70% of the population lives in towns. Largest cities or towns in Estonia[338] Rank Name County Pop. 1 Tallinn Harju 438, 341 11 Sillamäe Ida-Viru 12, 230 2 Tartu 95, 430 12 Valga 11, 792 3 Narva 53, 424 13 Võru 11, 533 4 Pärnu 40, 228 14 Paide Järva 10, 285 5 Kohtla-Järve 32, 577 15 Jõhvi 10, 130 6 Viljandi 16, 875 16 Keila 10, 078 7 Maardu 15, 284 17 Saue 5, 831 8 Rakvere Lääne-Viru 14, 984 18 Elva 5, 616 9 Haapsalu Lääne 12, 883 19 Tapa 5, 168 10 Kuressaare Saare 12, 698 20 Põlva 5, 115 Religion[edit] Religion in Estonia (2011)[339][340] Unaffiliated (64.
In Barrett, James H. ; Gibbon, Sarah Jane (eds. Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. Maney Publishing. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-1-909662-79-7. ^ Martens, Irmelin (2004). "Indigenous and imported Viking Age weapons in Norway – a problem with European implications" (PDF). Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science. 14: 132–135. Retrieved 19 December 2019. ^ Raun, Toivo U. ISBN 9780817928537.
[137] Living standards under the Soviet occupation kept falling further behind nearby independent Finland. [133] The country was heavily militarised, with closed military areas covering 2% of territory. [138] Islands and most of the coastal areas were turned into a restricted border zone which required a special permit for entry. [139] That is why Estonia was quite closed until the second half of the 1960s, when gradually Estonians began to watch Finnish television in the northern parts of the country due to a good signal range, thus getting a better picture of the way of life behind the Iron Curtain.
6 km (130. 2 mi) long main connection to St. Petersburg. The most important highways in Estonia, in other hand, includes Narva Highway (E20), Tartu Highway (E263) and Pärnu Highway (E67). The Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport in Tallinn is the largest airport in Estonia and serves as a hub for the national airline Nordica, as well as the secondary hub for AirBaltic[286] and LOT Polish Airlines. [287] Total passengers using the airport has increased on average by 14. 2% annually since 1998.
^ Kasekamp, Andres (2010). pp. 9–11. ISBN 9780230364509. ^ Enn Tarvel (2007). Sigtuna hukkumine Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Haridus, 2007 (7–8), pp. 38–41 ^ Tvauri, Andres (2012). pp. 322–325. Retrieved 19 December 2019. ^ a b c Mägi, Marika (2015). "Chapter 4. Bound for the Eastern Baltic: Trade and Centres AD 800–1200".
Rowman & Littlefield. p. 441. ISBN 9780810875135. ^ Frucht, Richard C. Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1. p. 100. ISBN 9781576078006. ^ Frost, Robert I. (2014). The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558 – 1721. Routledge. p. 305. ISBN 9781317898573. ^ Raudkivi, Priit (2007). Vana-Liivimaa maapäev (in Estonian). Argo. pp. 118–119.
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[363][364] The most common foreign languages learned by Estonian students are English, Russian, German, and French. Other popular languages include Finnish, Spanish, and Swedish. [365] Education and science[edit] The University of Tartu is one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe and the highest-ranked university in Estonia. According to the Top Universities website, the University of Tartu ranks 285th in the QS Global World Ranking. [366] The history of formal education in Estonia dates back to the 13th and 14th centuries when the first monastic and cathedral schools were founded. [367] The first primer in the Estonian language was published in 1575. The oldest university is the University of Tartu, established by the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf in 1632.
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87%) Pentecostal and other neoprotestant denominations (0. 93%) Other religions (1. 10%) Estonia has a diverse religious history, but in recent years it has become increasingly secular, with either a plurality or a majority of the population declaring themselves nonreligious in recent censuses, followed by those who identify as religiously "undeclared". The largest minority groups are the various Christian denominations, principally Lutheran and Orthodox Christians, with very small numbers of adherents in non-Christian faiths, namely Judaism, Islam and Buddhism.
In ca 1030 the troops of Kievan Rus led by Yaroslav the Wise defeated Estonians and established a fort in modern-day Tartu. This foothold may have lasted until ca 1061 when an Estonian tribe, the Sosols, destroyed it, followed by their raid on Pskov. [30][31][32][33] Around the 11th century, the Scandinavian Viking era around the Baltic Sea was succeeded by the Baltic Viking era, with seaborne raids by Curonians and by Estonians from the island of Saaremaa, known as Oeselians. In 1187 Estonians (Oeselians), Curonians or/and Karelians sacked Sigtuna, which was a major city of Sweden at the time. [34][35] Estonia could be divided into two main cultural areas.
ISBN 9780817928537. ^ O'Connor, Kevin (2006). p. 10. ISBN 9780313331251. ^ Pekomäe, Vello (1986). Estland genom tiderna (in Swedish). Stockholm: VÄLIS-EESTI & EMP. p. 319. ISBN 91-86116-47-9. ^ Jokipii, Mauno (1992). Jokipii, Mauno (ed. Baltisk kultur och historia (in Swedish). pp. 22–23. ISBN 9789134512078. ^ Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia.
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[97] Estonia's cultural-autonomy law for ethnic minorities, adopted in 1925, is widely recognised as one of the most liberal in the world at that time. [98] The Great Depression put heavy pressure on Estonia's political system, and in 1933, the right-wing Vaps movement spearheaded a constitutional reform establishing a strong presidency. [99][100] On 12 March 1934 the acting head of state, Konstantin Päts, declared a state of emergency, under the pretext that the Vaps movement had been planning a coup. Päts, together with general Johan Laidoner and Kaarel Eenpalu, established an authoritarian régime during the "era of silence", when the parliament did not reconvene and the newly established Patriotic League became the only legal political movement for the time being. [101] A new constitution was adopted in a referendum, and elections were held in 1938.
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^ Raukas, Anto (2002). p. 278. p. 15. p. 279. ISBN 9985701151. ^ Plakans, Andrejs (2011). A Concise History of the Baltic States. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780521833721. ^ O'Connor, Kevin (2006). Culture and Customs of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780313331251. ^ Raun, Toivo U. p. 20.
[67] While many peasants remained in the status of serfdom during the Swedish rule, legal reforms strengthened both serfs' and free tenant farmers' land usage and inheritance rights – hence this period got the reputation of "The Good Old Swedish Time" in people's historical memory. [68] Swedish King Gustaf II Adolf established gymnasiums in Reval and Dorpat; the latter was upgraded to Tartu University in 1632. Printing presses were also established in both towns. In the 1680s the beginnings of Estonian elementary education appeared, largely due to efforts of Bengt Gottfried Forselius, who also introduced orthographical reforms to written Estonian. [69] The population of Estonia grew rapidly for a 60–70-year period, until the Great Famine of 1695–97 in which some 70, 000–75, 000 people died – about 20% of the population.
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