Part of the reason for the massive size of Palmares was due to its location in Brazil — at the median point between the Atlantic Ocean and Guinea, an important area of the African slave trade. Quilombo dos Palmares was a self-sustaining community of escaped slaves from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, "a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia". [77] At its height, Palmares had a population of over 30, 000. [78] In 1612, the Portuguese tried in vain to take Palmares in an expedition that proved to be very costly.
[85]: 295, [86] The Ndyuka were the first to sign a peace treaty offering them territorial autonomy in 1760. [87] In the 1770s, the Aluku also desired a peace treaty, but the Society of Suriname started a war against them, [88] resulting in a flight into French Guiana. [89] The other tribes signed peace treaties with the Surinamese government, the Kwinti being the last in 1887. [90] On 25 May 1891 the Aluku officially became French citizens. [91] After Suriname gained independence from the Netherlands, the old treaties with the Bushinengues were abrogated.
[32] They also originally raided plantations. During these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other enslaved people to join their communities. Individual groups of maroons often allied themselves with the local indigenous tribes and occasionally assimilated into these populations. Maroons played an important role in the histories of Brazil, Suriname, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Jamaica. There is much variety among maroon cultural groups because of differences in history, geography, African nationality, and the culture of indigenous people throughout the Western Hemisphere. Maroon settlements often possessed a clannish, outsider identity.
[95] He was inaugurated on 16 July[96] as the first Maroon in Suriname to serve as vice president. [97] In modern-day Guyana, Dutch officials in 1744 conducted an expedition against encampments of at least 300 Maroons in the Northwest district of Essequibo. The Dutch nailed severed hands of Maroons killed in the expedition to posts in the colony as a warning to other enslaved people. [98] In 1782, a French official in the region estimated there were more than 2, 000 Maroons in the vicinity of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo.
[69][70] North Carolina and Virginia[edit] The Great Dismal Swamp maroons inhabited the marshlands of the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and North Carolina. Although conditions were harsh, research suggests that thousands lived there between about 1700 and the 1860s. Robeson County, North Carolina was a place where Blacks, Native Americans, and even some outlaw whites lived together and intermingled producing a people of great genetic mixture. South America[edit] Brazil[edit] One of the best-known quilombos (maroon settlements) in Brazil was Palmares (the Palm Nation), which was founded in the early 17th century.
Maroons - Wikipedia
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By the 1980s the Bushinengues in Suriname had begun to fight for their land rights. [92] Between 1986 and 1992, [93] the Surinamese Interior War was waged by the Jungle Commando, a guerrilla group fighting for the rights of the maroon minority, against the military dictatorship of Dési Bouterse. [94] In 2005, following a ruling by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Suriname government agreed to compensate survivors of the 1986 Moiwana village massacre, in which soldiers had slaughtered 39 unarmed Ndyuka people, mainly women and children. [83] On 13 June 2020, Ronnie Brunswijk was elected Vice President of Suriname by acclamation in an uncontested election.
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